Human metapneumovirus, or HMPV, is a widespread respiratory virus that belongs to the pneumoviridae family, the same group as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Despite being discovered relatively recently, HMPV has likely been causing respiratory infections worldwide for over five decades.
How Does HMPV Affect You?
HMPV typically causes mild cold-like symptoms, such as sneezing, coughing, nasal congestion, and a sore throat, lasting just a few days. However, in some cases, particularly among vulnerable individuals like infants, older adults, or those with weakened immune systems, the symptoms can escalate to more severe respiratory issues.
Who Is Most at Risk of HMPV?
Although anyone can contract HMPV, the following groups are at higher risk of severe infection:
Infants and young children under 5, especially babies under 6 months
Older adults, particularly those above 65
Immunocompromised individuals, including those with HIV, cancer, or post-organ transplants
People with chronic lung conditions like COPD or asthma
Is HMPV Contagious?
Yes, HMPV is highly contagious, spreading easily through close contact. The virus is more prevalent in the winter and early spring, aligning with flu season. You can catch it by:
Touching contaminated surfaces
Coming into contact with infected droplets from coughing, sneezing, or spitting
Touching your face after exposure to infected surfaces
Symptoms of HMPV
For most people, HMPV presents mild symptoms, including:
Cough
Nasal congestion
Fever
Sore throat
Runny nose
These symptoms usually subside within 2–5 days. However, severe cases may cause:
Wheezing
Asthma exacerbations
Difficulty breathing
Pneumonia or bronchiolitis, especially in children and immunocompromised individuals
If symptoms persist beyond two weeks or worsen, medical intervention may be necessary.
How Does HMPV Compare to COVID-19?
Both HMPV and COVID-19 are respiratory illnesses with overlapping symptoms like fever, coughing, and shortness of breath. However:
COVID-19 has antiviral treatments and vaccines, while HMPV does not.
HMPV is seasonal, primarily circulating in winter and spring.
Interestingly, HMPV cases surged the post-COVID-19 pandemic, as reduced exposure during lockdowns left populations more vulnerable to respiratory viruses.
Diagnosing HMPV
Doctors usually diagnose HMPV through:
Physical exams and medical history
Lab tests, such as rapid antigen tests or PCR, using nasal or throat swabs
Advanced tests for severe cases, like bronchoscopy or chest X-rays
Treating HMPV
Currently, there’s no specific antiviral therapy or vaccine for HMPV. Treatment focuses on symptom management, which includes:
Over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fever and pain
Decongestants for nasal stuffiness
Inhalers or corticosteroid sprays for breathing difficulties
If symptoms become severe, hospitalization may be required for monitoring and supportive care.
Preventing HMPV
While no vaccine exists, you can reduce your risk by:
Washing hands regularly for at least 20 seconds
Avoiding close contact with sick individuals
Disinfecting high-touch surfaces like doorknobs
Covering your mouth while coughing or sneezing
Quick FAQs About HMPV
How long are you contagious with HMPV?
HMPV incubates for 3–6 days, and symptoms last about 2–7 days.
Can you get HMPV more than once?
Yes, reinfections can occur, but subsequent cases are usually milder.
How is HMPV tested?
Doctors may use nasal or throat swabs for rapid tests or PCR. In severe cases, a bronchoscopy or chest X-ray might be needed.
How long does recovery take?
Most people recover within a week. Prolonged symptoms may require medical attention.
Takeaway
Human metapneumovirus is a common yet under-recognized virus, especially affecting young children and the elderly. While most cases resolve on their
